Glossary of Traditional Western Medicine Names

The following glossary provides an explanation to the names used in Traditional Western Medicine. Contemporary Latin names are given for Plant names, while the common names for mineral and animal medicines are given. Some of the names are ancient, derived from old Latin texts, while others are more modern or folk names.

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A Abies–see Fir tree Abrotonum–Southernwood Absinthum–see Wormwood Acacia–see Gum Arabic Acanthus (Bear’s Breech)–Acanthus mollis Acetosa–see Sorrel Acetosella–see Wood Sorrel Acetum–Vinegar of Wine; in a broader sense it can mean any Acid. Acidum Salis–Hydrochloric acid; HCl Aconite–a large number of Aconite species have been used, and an even larger number of other plants have been classed under the name ‘Aconite’ by various authors. The traditional European species most used was A. napellus. A number of Aconite species are also used in all asian systems of traditional medicine. Aconitum Pardalianches (of Dioscorides)– thought by some to be a name for Arnica, but this is uncertain. Aconitum Thelyphonon (of Theophrastus)– thought by some to be a name for Arnica, but this is uncertain. Acorus–see Calamus Acorus adulterini–see Pseudoacorus Adder’s Tongue–Ophioglossum vulgatum Adeps–(Axungia) fat; generally it means the Suet and Grease. Especially means Hogs Grease. Aetites–Geode; a stone with a smaller stone within it Agallochum–see Aloeswood Agaric–Polyporus officinalis growing on the Larch. Ageratum–‘Lesser Costus’ or ‘Balsamita the less’; Achillaea ageratum Agrimony–Agrimonia eupatoria Alabaster–a fine grained variety of Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate) or Calcite (Calcium Carbonate); mainly used in Ungentum Alabastris. Album Graceum–dried, white, sun-bleached dog dung Alchemilla–see Ladies Mantle Alder, Black–Alnus nigra Alder, Common–Alnus glutinosa Alecost–Chrysanthemum balsamita Alkahest–a term first used by Paracelsus to denote a universal solvent. Alkanet–Alkanna tinctoria Alehoof–Glechoma hederacea Alembic–a still (for distilling) Alexander–Smyrnium olusatrum Alexipharmic–a medicine used in the prevention or treatment of Poisons and noxious influences including Infectious Diseases; used to prevent sickness and preserve health. Alkekengi–see Winter Cherry All Heal–Prunella vulgaris Aloe–dried juice of Aloe vera and other species of Aloe. Aloeswood–(also called Eaglewood); Aquilaria agallocha, the heartwood of which becomes infected with a fungus causing a very aromatic resin to form. It has been highly praised and much used in all medical systems, being good to move the Qi, stop Wind, ease Pain, calm the Heart and Spirits, and for Asthma etc. It is now very hard to obtain, and very expensive. It is commonly adulterated with other species or other woods. Sandalwood has been used as a substitute. Alsine–see Chickweed Althea–see Marshamllow Alum–originally Potassium Aluminium Sulphate; in modern times, other Salts which replace Sodium or Ammonium for the Potassium are also classed under this name Alum Scariola–Gypsum Alum de Pluma–Gypsum Amalgam–’a mixing, calcining or corroding of Metals with Quicksilver thus: Take any Metal (except Iron) in thin plates or filings, mix it with 8 parts of Quicksilver, till all becomes one mass; then over a gentle Fire cause the Mercury to ascend (which by a head fitted to a glass Vesica you may save and the Metal will remain in a thin Calx’. (S) Amara Dulcis (Bittersweet)–Solanum dulcamara Amaracus–see Marjoram Amaranthus–Amaranthus hypochondriacus Amber–a white, pale yellow, reddish or orange, transparent or opaque semi-fossilied resin of various trees. Baltic Amber, which suppiled the European trade for centuries, is around 20 million years old. Amber from various other countries is now found in a wide variety of colors. Young Amber, which may be only several thousands of years old is termed Copal. This is not nearly as valuable, and is used to make varnish. Amber has been used in most medical systems, and is good to Calm the Heart and Spirit, Move the Blood and clear Stagnation, promote Urine and clear Stones. It is finely levigated with Rose water for internal use in various compounds. NOTE: Amber and Ambergris were commonly mistaken, as often Ambergris was abbreviated to Amber. The Latin for Amber is Succinum, whereas the Latin for Ambergris is Ambergris. Ambergris (Ambergreece)–a fragrant substance secreted by the sperm whale and found either floating or washed up on the shore. Much used in perfumery, and in Traditional Medicine. NOTE: as stated above, Amber and Ambergris were often confused because the latter was often called Amber. Ameos–Ammi majus Amianthus–traditionally classed as a type of Alum, Amianthus is believed to have been a type of Actinolite. Ammi–Ammi majus Ammoniac–1. Gum Ammoniac (which see); 2. the salt Sal Ammoniac (which see) Amomum–Black Cardamon, Amomum subulatum Ammeos–Bishops weed Ammios–Bishops weed Anacardium–an extract from the green fruit attached to the nut of the Cashew nut tree Anagallis–see Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis aquaticum–(Water Brooklime) Anchusa–see Alkanet Anemone–Anemone nemorosa Anethum–seeDill Angelica–Angelica archangelica, root and seed Anise, Aniseed–Pimpinella anisum (the Star Aniseed is Illicium verum) Anserina–‘Wild Tansy’; perhaps Potentilla anserina Antalium–a shell, ‘a Marine tube of a fingers length, striated without’. (RE) Anthophyllorum–fully matured Cloves, often called ‘Mother Cloves’. Anthora–Aconitum anthora, the ‘Noble Aconite’, or ‘Wholesome Wolfsbane’; also called German Contrayerva, and the Arabian Zedoary of Avicenna. This was regarded as an Aconite that resisted the poison of other Aconites (which were called Thora, Anthora being derived from Anti-Thora). As with other Aconites, there is great uncertainty in the identification by old authors. Some claimed it the greatest antidote to poison, others claiming it to be a great poison itself, this almost certainly being because of the difference of identifying the correct plant. Some called it Napellus and Helmot flower, but these are more proper to the standard Aconite. Anthos–Rosemary Antimony Diaphoretic–White Antimony oxide Apiastrum–see Melissa (Lemon Balm) Apple of Jerusalem–Malus sylvestris Aqua Calcis–a saturated solution of Calcium Hydroxide Aqua Fortis–Nitric acid (HNO3) Aquamarine–sky-blue, sea-green, or blue- green Beryl (semi-precious stone) Aqua Regia, Aqua Regis–a mix of Hydrochloric and Nitric acids; used to dissolve Gold. Aqua Vitae–(lit. ‘Water of Life’); Brandy; alcohol distilled from Wine. Aquilegia–see Columbine Aquilenus–stone from an Eagle’s Stomach or neck Aquilinus–stone from a Fishes head Arabian Zedoary (of Avicenna)–see Anthora. Archangel–see Dead Nettle Arctium minus–see Lesser Burdock Arage (Arrach)–Atriplex hortensis Archangel–Lamium album (white) and others Argentum–Silver Argentum Vive–’living silver’; Mercury Argilla–Kaolin Argol, Argilla–crude Tartar Aristolchia–see Birthwort Armenian Earth–a red clay earth, very similar to kaolin, but red due to the presence of Iron. Armenian Stone–Azurite; native Copper carbonate. It must be prepared by washing it well 12 times before using to remove its emetic quality (caused by copper salts). Armonacia–see Horseradish Arnica–flowers of Arnica montana; also known as Doronicum (although mistakenly– see Doronicum), Mountain Tobacco, Wolfsbane, Leopards Bane; it was thought by some to be the Aconitum Pardalianches of Dioscorides and Aconitum Thelyphonon of Theophrastus, but this is uncertain. Arnoglossum–Plantain Arrach, Garden–Atriplex hortensis Arrach, Stinking–Atriplex olida Arrach, Wild–Atriplex olida Arssmart–Polygonum hydropier Artemisia–see Mugwort Artemisia pontici–see Pontic Wormwood Arthritica–see Ground Pine Artichoke–Cynara scolymus Asafetida–Ferula asafetida gum Asarabacca–Asarum europeum Asarum–Asarum europeum Asclepiadis–see Swallow-wort Ash tree–Fraxinus excelsior and others Ashweed–Aegopodium podagraria Asparagus–Asparagus officinalis root Asparagus, Prickly–Asparagus sativus Asparagus, Wild–Asparagus sativus Asphalt, Asphaltum–see Bitumen Atriplex–see Arrach Atramentum Sutorium–Vitriol, ferrous sulphate Aurantium–see Orange Auripigmentum (Orpiment)–Arsenic Trisulphide Aurum–Gold Aurum Fulminans–Fulminating Gold; Gold Hydrazide; an olive green powder of Gold which explodes when concussed; AuHNNH2 Aurum Potable–’drinkable Gold’; any of a number of preparations of Gold made into a liquid form for administration as a tonic medicine. Avens–Geum herbanum. Awl-wort–Subularia aquatica Axungia–see Adeps Azari–Asarabacca Azure Stone–1. Lapis Lazuli; 2. Azurite in some cases B Balanium, oil of–variously given as oil of Sesame, and oil of Acorns Balastia–Pomegranate flowers (wild) Balastines–Pomegranate flower (wild) Balaustine–Wild Pomegranate flower Baldmony–see Gentian Balm–Melissa officinalis Balneo (-eum)–a bath; see BM. Balneo Mariae–see BM. Balsam Tree–Commiphora opobalsamum; ‘The plant of Balsam is a shrub but 3 cubits long, with leaves like Rue’ (SCH); various parts were used: Fruit: Carpobalsam; branches: Xylobalsam; liquor: Opobalsam Balsamita–‘Water Mint’, or see Balsam herb Balsam Herb–Chrysanthemum balsamita Balsam of Tolu–Balsam from Myroxylon spp. of South America Barberry–Berberis vulgaris root bark and fruit Bardana–see Burdock Bardana minor–see Lesser Burdock Barley–Hordeum vulgare Barley water–water wherein Barley has been decocted Barrow’s grease–the Fat of a castrated Swine. Basil–Ocimum basilicum Bastard Agrimony–(Water Agrimony) Bidens tripartita Bastard Hemp–(Water Agrimony) Bidens tripartita Bastard Saffron–see Safflower Bay tree–Laurus nobilis Bayberry–Myrica cerifera Bdellium–Indian Myrrh, Commiphora mukul and others; still widely used in Ayurveda, this was also much used in Europe. Beans–Vicia faba Beans, French–Phaseolus vulgaris Bearberry–Arctostaphylos uva ursi Bear’s Breech–Acanthus mollis, A. spinosa; used similarly to Comfrey. Bear’s Foot–see Black Hellebore Bed Straw–Galium spp. Bedeguar–excrescence made by an insect on the Briar (Wild) Rose. Beech tree–Fagus sylvatica Beet root–red: Beta rubra; white: Beta alba. Behen–(Red and White); Behen album, B. rubrum; identification was said to be uncertain; some said Wild Parsnip or Red Valerian supplied the shops. In present day Unani Medicine, White Behen is collected from Centaurea behen, and Red Behen from Salvia haematodes. The roots of Tormentil and Avens were often used as substitutes. Belemnite–the fossil of an extinct mollusc with a bullet-shaped internal shell of the Jurassic and Cretaceous period. Beleric Myrobalan–fruit of Terminalia belerica. Bellis–see Daisy Benzoin–Styrax benzoin gum Beta–Beet root Betony–Betonica officinalis Betony, Water–Betonica aquatica Betony, Wood–Betonica officinalis Bezoar–(from the Arabic bazahr for counter- poison); the real Bezoar is the Gall stone of various animals; in Europe, it was either Eastern (Oriental) or Western (Occidental), the former being best and obtained from a Deer-Goat, the latter coming from Cows and Oxes. Nowadays, the Bezoar stone is still much used in various countries, being worth around $US20,000 on the international market, all slaughter-houses being contracted to supply the market. These stones are very aromatic, and powerfully counter the effects of various poisons being taken in small amount with other medicines.     Various other Bezoar stones have been used, the term commonly being applied to any Stones used against Poison; stones from the Heads of Fishes, Toads and Snakes have been used, along with many other types of stones. Man-made Bezoars commonly used include Bezoar Animale (made either of Deer horn or Vipers), or Bezoar Mineral composed of various Metals. Modern TCM uses man-made substitute for Bezoar which are made of bile with other ingredients. Bifoil–Listera ovata Bilberry (Red or Black)–Vaccinium myrtillus Birch tree–Betula pendula, B. alba Bird Pepper–Capsicum frutescens Bird’s Foot–Ornithopus purpusillus Birthwort, Round and Long (or Thin)– various species of Aristolchia; Long Birthwort: A. parviflora; Round Birthwort: A. pallida. Bishop’s Leaves–Betonica aquatica Bishop’s Weed–1. Ammi majus; 2. Aegopodium podagraria (also called Gout weed, Herb Gerard, English or Wild Masterwort, Ground Elder); used for Arthritis, Gout and Sciatica. Bismalva–see Marshmallow Bistort–Polygonum bistorta Bittersweet–Solanum dulcamara Bitumen (Mineral Pitch)–see also Pissasphaltos. Black Alder–Alnus nigra (as an astringent and hemostatic); Rhamnus frangula is sometimes called Black Alder, and is used as a laxative. Black Nightshade–Solanum nigrum Blackberry–Rubus fructicosus Black Cumin–see Nigella Black Hellebore–Helleborus niger root (prepared for use) Black Pepper–Piper nigrum fruit Black Poplar–Poplar nigra Blatta Byzantia–the operculum of a species of Sea-snail, found on the shores of the Red Sea; including Onyx marinus, Strombus lentiginosus, and Unguis Odoratus. It is odoriferous, and was used in perfumed body powders and incense. Blessed Thistle–Carduus benedictus (now called Cnicus benedictus) seed, herb. Blind Nettle–Scrophularia nodosa; used for Nodes and Scrophula (hence its name); also used for all swellings of the throat and neck. Blites–Amarantus blitum Blood Stone–1. Hematite type of Iron Mineral; 2. Bloodstone variety of Chal- cedony (green opaque cryptocrystalline quartz with red spots). Most commonly the Iron mineral Hematite is being referred to when ‘Bloodstone’ appears in a formula, as this was used far more commonly. It is mostly used for Bleeding and Blood disorders. Bluebell–species of Hyacinthus Blue Bottle–Centaurea cyanus Blue Copperas–Copper Sulphate Blue Stone–Copper Sulphate Blue Vitriol–Copper Sulphate BM–Balneo Maria, the Marian Bath. A vessel to digest or distill in; it is a vessel of water with a heat source underneath in which another vessel sits; into this vessel may be put herbs and other medicines to be digested or distilled. This has the advantage of not allowing the medicine to be heated above 100 degrees centigrade. It is said to be named after ‘Mary the Jewess’ who is said to have been first to use it. Boar’s Tooth–tusk of a Boar or Wild Pig was used to clear Heat, especially for Pleurisy. Bogbean–Menyanthes trifoliata Bole–Earth; often Kaolin-type clay earths were used, named depending on the area in which they originate from. Bole Armeniac–see Earth of Armenia Bombax–Cotton Bone of a Stag’s Heart–a round cartilage (valve) found in the Heart of a mature Stag; it was often adulterated with the same from a male Goat, which was never as large, hard or white as the true. Borage–Borago officinalis leaf, flower; often the juice was used. Borax–(from the Persian Borak); Sodium Tetraborate; traditionally collected from certain lakes, it is said to have was first been taken to Europe from Tibet in the 13th century. Although toxic in moderate amounts, it strongly clears Heat and Poison, relieves swelling, and is antibacterial and anti-fungal. It has also long been used in both east and west to promote labor; more recntly, Boron has been found to relieve Menopause, prevent Osteoporosis, and is also included in some muscle-building supplements. Box–Buxus sempervivens Brake Fern–Pteris aquilina Braken Fern–Pteris aquilina Bramble–see Blackberry Brank Ursine–Acanthus mollis, A. spinosa; used similarly to Comfrey. Brassica–Cabbage Breakstone, Parsley–Alchemilla arvense Brimstone–Sulphur Brimstone-wort–see Hog Fennel Brooklime–Veronica spp. Broom–Cytisus scoparius; Broom Rape–Orobanche major Bruscus–see Butcher’s Broom Bryony (white)–Bryonia dioica Buckbean–Menyanthes trifoliata Buck’s-Horn Plantain–Plantago coronopsus Buckthorn–Rhamnus catharticus Bugle–Ajuga reptans herb Bugloss–a boraginaceous plant, Lycopsis arvensis (sometimes Anchusa officinalis); used synonomously with Borage, they were often combined, or may substitute each other. Burdock–Arctium lappa seed and root Burnet–Sanguisorba officinalis Burnt Alum–Alum which has been burnt to remove the water of crystallisation. It was usually only used internally. Burnt Ivory–see Spodium Bursa pastoris–see Shepherd’s Purse Butcher’s Broom–Ruscus aculeatus Butterbur–Petasites vulgaris Butter of Antimony–Antimony Trichloride: SbCl3 Butter of Tin–Hydrated Stannic Chloride: SnCl4.5H20 Butter of Zinc–Zinc Chloride: ZnCl2 Buxus–see Box C Cabali marini–Seahorses; dried in the sun, with or without Salt. Calaminaris, Calamine–native Zinc carbonate; universally used in all medical systems for eye disorders and ulcers (both topically) Calamint–Calamintha officinalis herb Calamus–root of Acorus calamus; used in all medical systems as an aromatic stimulant, to Move the Qi, Open the Orificies and benefit the Brain; an important herb for various disorders of the brain, senses and nervous system. Calendula–flowers of Calendula officinalis Caltha–see Calendula Caltrops, Water–Trapa natans; Tribulus aquatica Calx–the Ashes of things (especially of a Metal: an Oxide); something calcined and burnt until brittle. Often used to indicate Lime (Calcium Carbonate) Calx Chlorinata–Chloride of Lime Calx Jovis–calcined Tin Calx Mercurii–Precipitated Mercury Calx Sulphurata–Calcium Sulphide Calx Viva–Quicklime (Calcium Oxide) Cambil–a type of Red Earth, Armenian Bole, used in Arabic medicine, especially for Worms. Camel’s Hay–Juncus odoratus Cammock–Ononis spinosa, O. repens Camomile–Anthemis nobilis, Garden Camomile; Matricaria recutita (syn. M. camomilla) German Camomile. Camphor–crystals extracted from the branches of Cinnamonum camphora. Campion, Wild–Cucubalus behen Cancami–Gum Lacca ? (some list Cancami as a substitute for Lacca, and therefore suggest them to be different products) Candlewick Plant–Verbascum thapsus Candytuft–Iberis amara Canicularia–see Henbane Cantharides–Blister Bettle, ‘Spanish Fly’; the beetle Lytta vesicatoria (and other related and non-related species which are used synonomously), used topically to draw blisters. Capers–Capparis spinosa, flower buds. Capillus veneris–see Maidenhair Capon–a gelded or castrated Cock; used to prepare a nourishing broth. Capparum–see Capers Caprifolium–Lonicera caprifolium Capsicum–Capsicum frutescens fruit Carabe–Amber Caraway–Carum carvi fruit Carbuncle–ancient name for red gems: Ruby, Cornelian, Garnet and Spinel in particular. Cardamon–Elettaria cardamomum Carduus benedictus–see Blessed Thistle Carduus mariae–see Mary’s Thistle Carline Thistle–Carlina vulgaris Carpobalsam–see Balsam Carthamus–see Safflower Caryophyllatum–Geum herbanum Caryophyllum–see Gilliflower Caryophyllus aromaticum–Clove Cassia–1. Cassia pulp, drawn from Cassia pods, used as a gentle laxative, derived from Cassia fistula and other related spp.; 2. Cassia species of Cinnamon (Cinnamonum cassia). Cassia Lignea–Chinese Cinnamon derived from Cinnamomum cassia; regarded as best. Castanea–Chestnut Castor–1. Castoreum; a brown aromatic substance taken from the gland of a Beaver, used in medicine and perfumery. 2. Castor seed Catechu–Acacia catechu gum Catmint–Nepeta cataria Cauda Equina–see Horsetail Caustic Calcareous Earth–Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2 Caustic Potash–Potassium Hydroxide Caustic Soda–Sodium Hydroxide Cayenne Pepper–Capsicum frutescens Cephalic–for the Head. Celandine–Chelidoniummajus Celandine, Lesser–Ranunculus ficaria Celery–Apium graveolens root & seed Celtic Spikenard–Valeriana celtica Centaury–Centaurium erythraea herb Cerasa–Cherry Cerefolium–Anthriscus cerefolium herb Ceruse–’White Lead’; Lead Carbonate; used in various external remedies. Cerusite–Native Lead Carbonate Ceterach–Asplenium ceterach (syn. Ceterach officinarum) Chalk–native Calcium Carbonate Chamedrys–see Germander Chamepitys–see Ground Pine Charab–Amber Chaste Tree–Agnus Castus seed Chebulic Myrobalans–fruits of Terminalia chebula Cheirianthus–see Wallflower Chelidonium majus–Celandine Chelidonium minus–see Lesser Celandine Chermes (Kermes)–scale insects of the genus Kermes which secrete a red dye on the Kermes Oak, Quercus coccifera. Chervil–Anthriscus cerefolium herb Chestnut–Castanea sativa nuts Chicken Gizzard skin–the cleansed inner skin of a Chicken’s Gizzard; long used in both east and west, it is given to promote Digestion, clear Stagnant Food, promote Urine, and cleanse Stones. Chickpeas–Cicer arietinum Chickweed–Stellaria media herb Chicory–Chicorium intylus; used similarly to Dandelion. China root–Smilax glabra root Chives–Allium schoenoprasum and other related Alliums. Chlorosis–’Green Sickness’; a type of anemia seen in young girls who have not yet menstruated, marked by a pale yellow-green complexion. Christmas Flower–Helleborus niger Christmas Herb–Helleborus niger Chrysocolla–‘Gold solder’; Borax Chrysoprase–Apple-green Chalcedony Cicadis–Grasshopper Cicers–Chickpeas Cicuta–see Hemlock Cinarae–Artichoke Cinnabar–native red Mercuric Sulphide Cinnamon–Cinnamonum zeylanicum; the Chinese Cinnamon is C. cassia (called Cassia). Cinquefoil–Potentilla reptans Cipers root–see Cyperus Cistus–(source of Hypocistus) Citron–Citrus medica fruit, peel, seed Citrullus–Melon; esp. Watermelom Cives–see Chives Civet–1. synonym for Chives; 2. name for an aromatic excretion from the Civet cat Clary–see Clary Sage Clary Sage–Salvia solarea Cleavers–Galium aparine herb Clove–Eugenia caryophyllus flower buds Clove Basil–Ocinum gratissimum Clove Gilliflower–Pink Carnation; Dianthus Caryophyllus Clown’s All-Heal–see Figwort Clown’s Woundwort–(‘Panax coloni’); Stachys palustris Clyster–enema Cochlite–1. stone from a Snails Head;  2. Materia Medica Animalia (1858) says Cochlites is a fossil shell with a mouth like a Snail. Coccus Baphica–see Cochineal Cochineal–secretion from the insect Kermes ilices, usually found on Quercus coccifera. Cochlearia–see Scurvy-grass Colchicum–Colchicum autumnale root, seed. Colcothar–Red Ferric Oxide: Fe2O3 Colewort–Brassica oleracea Colocynth–Citrullus colocynthis; the pulp of the fruit is used medicinally as a purgative. Colophony–rosin (the resin left after the distillation of Oil of Turpentine) Columbine–Aquilegia vulgaris herb, seed Cold Seeds–see Four Greater Cold Seeds and Four Lesser Cold Seeds. Colewort–Cabbage Colocynth–Citrullus colocynthis Coloquintida–see Colocynth Coltsfoot–Tussilago farfara herb or flower Columbine–Aquilegia spp. Comfrey–Symphytum officinale root and leaf Condite–conserves made either with Sugar or Pickle. Confection–the covering of anything with Sugar. Consolida–Bugle Consolida aurea–Golden rod Consolida major–Comfrey Consolida media–Bugle Consolida minor–Daisy Contrayerva–root of the tropical American Dorstenia contrayerva and other related spp. Conval-Lillies–see Lilly of the Valley Copperas–Ferrous Sulphate; Blue Copperas is Copper Sulphate. Coral–Red and White Coral were used in medicine. Coralwort–Dentaria bulbifera Cordial–for the Heart; something that nourishes or strengthens the Heart, or that protects the Heart in Fevers. Cordial Flowers–Borage, Bugloss, Rose, Violet Coriander–Coriandrum sativum seed and herb. Cornflower–Centaurea cyanus Corn Poppy–Papaver rhoeas Corn Rose–Papaver rhoeas Corrosive Sublimate–Mercuric Chloride: HgCl2. Extremely Toxic. Corylus–see Hazel Costmary–Chrysanthemum balsamita Costus–Saussurea lappa root (syn. Aucklandia lappa); True and False Costus was known, with the True also being divided into Sweet and Bitter Cotton Thistle–Carduus vulgatissimus Couch Grass–Triticum repens roots. Cowslip–Primula veris flower and root Crab’s Claws–1. Claws of a Crab, Cancer spp.; the Black Tips being strongest; 2. Sedum spp. 3. Sempervium aquatica (Water Houseleek) Crab’s Eyes–round balls of calcium carbonate found in the stomachs of freshwater crays or yabbies which they use to repair their shells. Cranesbill–see Herb Robert Cream of Tartar–rectified or pure Potassium bitartrate. Creat–Chalk; a native form of Calcium Carbonate Creta Cinolia–a pale red clay earth from Armenia Cretanus marinus–‘Sea fennel’; Christhmum maritimum Cress, Black–Sisymbrium nigra Cress, Sciatica–Iberis sisymbrium Cress, Water–Nasturtium officinale Cretian Daucus–see Meum Crocus–1. Saffron; 2. Red Ferric Oxide; or 3. a yellow powder made of Iron, Copper or Antimony. Crocus Martis Aperiens–Iron Carbonate Crocus Martis Astringens–Iron Oxide Crocus Metallorum–Compound of Iron and Antimony Crosswort–Galium cruciata (formerly Valantia cruciata) Crowfoot–Ranunculus sceleratus (Marsh); R. acris (Meadow) Crude Tartar–crude or unrefined Potassium bitartrate. Crystal of Nitre–Silver nitrate Crystal of Tartar–Potassium tartrate Cubebs–fruit of Piper cubeba. Cuckoo Flower–Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo Pint–Arum vulgare Cucumber seed–seed of Cucumis sativus; one of the Cold seeds Cullians–see Orchis Cumin–Cuminum cyminum Cumin Royal–Ammi majus Cupressus–a type of Southernwood or Sea Wormwood Cuprite–Red Cuprous Oxide ore Cuprum–Copper Currans–see Currant Currant–Ribes sativum (red currant); R. nigrum (black currant) Cuscuta–see Dodder Cyanus–Corn flower; Centaurea cyanus Cyclamen–see Sowbread Cydonia malus–Quince Cynosbatus–see Rose Hip Cynoglossum–see Hounds Tongue Cynosorchim–see Orchis Cyperus–Cyperus rotundus root; long and round types of Cyperus were used. It is an aromatic carminative, used to move the Qi and Blood, ease pain, and regulate Menstruation. Cypress–a coniferous tree, Cupressus semperviens; the wood and the fruit were used, being drying and strongly astringent, and used for Diarrhea, Dysentery, Incontinence and Hernias etc. Cypress nuts–the fruit of the above tree. Cypressus–see Cypress Cytinus–Cytinus hypocistus, the source of Hypocistus. Cytini–Pomegranate flowers (garden) D Daffodil–Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daisy–Bellis perennis; sometimes also Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Daisy, Lesser or Little–Bellis minor perennis Dandelion–Taraxacum officinale leaf and root Damask Rose–the fragrant pink rose of Rosa damascena Danewort–Sambucus ebulus Darnel–Lolium spp.; white: alba; Red: rubra Dates (Date palm)–Diospyros lotus fruit Datura–Datura stramonium Deadly Nightshade–Atropa belladonna Dead Nettle–Lamiun spp., esp. L. album. Dentalis Utalis–see Deantalium. Dentalium–‘small, long, round, white shell, smooth within, crooked, and acuminated on one side, wherein a certain sea-worm lives’ (RE). Used in The Citrine Ointment. Despumated–to skin; cleanse, or remove the skin of. Devil’s Bit (Scabious)–Succisa pratensis (syn. Scabiosa succisa) Devils Dung–see Asafetida Diabetes–in traditional medicine, this simply means an inability to hold on to water; it overlaps the modern under-standing of Diabetes. Diagridium–prepared Scammony; it was usually prepared by being put inside a Quince which was then roasted. This helped reduce its drastic effects. Dictamni–see Dittany Dittander–Lepidium sativum Dill–Anethum graveolens seed or herb Dispacus–see Teazle Dittany–Dictamnus albus Dittany of Crete–Origanum dictamnus. Dock, Common–Rumex obtusifolius Dodder–the parasitic herb Cuscuta; see Dodder of Thyme Dodder of Thyme–parasitic herb of the Cuscuta spp., growing on various herbs; Dodder of Thyme was most preferred in European medicine. Dog Rose–Rosa canina Dog’s Arrach–(Wild Arrach) Atriplex olida Dog’s Grass–see Couch Grass Dog’s Mercury–Mercurialis perennis Dog’s Stones–see Orchis Dog Tooth Violet–Erythronium dens canis Doronicum–Doronicum hookeri Double Rocket–Hesperis matronalis Dove’s Foot–Geranium mole Down Thistle–Carduus vulgatissimus Draconites–lit. ‘Dragon Stones’; a Calculus taken from the Head of certain snakes. Dracontii–see Dragons Dracontium–see Dragons Dracunculus–see Dragons Dragagant–GumTragacanth Dragons, Dracontium–Arum triphyllum and A. dracunculus Iin classical formula); Several plants were called ‘Dragon’ including Bistort; Dracontium spp.; and Dracunculus vulgaris. Arum was used when unavailable. Dragon’s Blood–the resin obtained from Daemonorops draco. Dragonwort–(Bistort) Polygonum bistorta Dropwort–1. see Filipendula spp.; 2. Oenanthe fistulosa Duck’s Meat–Lens palustris Ducksweed–Lens palustris Dulcamara–see Bittersweet Dwale–Atropa belladonna Dwarf Bay–Daphne mezereum Dwarf Elder–Sambucus ebulus E Eagle Stone–Geode Eagle Wood–see Aloeswood Earth of Armenia–a red Earth, similar to Kaolin, but red due to the presence of Iron oxide. Earth of Lemnos–Kaolin, or Kaolin-like Earth. Earth of Samnos–similar to preceding (ie. like Kaolin) Earthworm–Lumbricus spp. and others Ebulus–see Dwarf Elder Eglantine–Rosa rubigosa Elaterium–the dried juice of the Wild Cucumber Elder–Sambucus nigra flower, leaf, bark and fruit Elder, Dwarf–Sambucus ebulus Elecampane–Inula helenium root, flower Electrum–Amber Elfwort–see Elecampane Elk’s Hoof–the powder was given against Epilepsy. Elm–Ulmus spp. Emblic Myrobalan–fruit of Emblica officinalis Enchusa–(Alkanet) Anchusa tinctoria Endive–Cichorium endiva English Mercury–Mercurialis annua English Serpentary–(Bistort) Polygonum bistorta Enulae Campane–see Elecampane Epithymum–see Dodder of Thyme Epsom Salts–Magnesium Sulphate; named after the Epsom spa. Eruca–see Rocket Eringo–see Eryngo Eryngo–Sea Holly; the roots of Eryngo maritimum, or other related species. Used as a tonic medicine, especially when confected. Esula–Spurge (Euphorbium) spp. Ethiopian Cumin seed–Ammi majus Ethiops Mineral Black–Black Mercury Sulphide Ethiops Stone–Magnetite Eupatorium–Agrimony; sometimes Water Agrimony (Bidens tripartita) Euphorbium–the irritant resin from a plant of the species Euphorbia (Spurge). Traditionally used as a drastic cathartic, used for purging Phlegm and Water. Eveweed–Hesperis matronalis Evergreen Laurel–Daphne laureola Exungulated–refers to the removal of the White or bottom parts of flowers; used almost exclusively for Roses. Eyebright–Euphrasia rostkoviana (syn. E. officinalis) herb. F Faba–Beans Farfarae–see Coltsfoot Faverel, Woolly–Draba incana Featherfew (Feverfew)–Tanacetum parthenium Fecula–starch or dregs obtained from certain plants Felwort–1. (Swertia perennis); probably a species of Gentiana; 2. Less commonly White Mullein Fennel–Foeniculum vulgare root, seed Fennel Flower–Nigella sativa Fennel Giant–see Galbanum Fennel, Hog’s–Peucedanum officinale Fennel, Sow–Peucedanum officinale Fenugreek–Trigonella foenum-graecum Fern–Filicis spp. Fern, Brake–Pteris aquilina Fern, Braken–Pteris aquilina Fern, Osmund Royal–Osmunda regalis Fern, Water–Osmunda regalis Ferrum Vitriolatum–Ferrous Sulphate Feverfew–Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew, Sea–Tanacetum maritima Feverfew, Sweet–Tanacetum suaveolen Field Ladies Mantle–Alchemilla arvensis Field Mints–Calamint F Figs–Ficus carica. Figwort–Scrophularia nodosa root Figwort, Water–Scrophularia aquatica root Filbert–see Hazel Filicis–Fern Filicis floridae–see Water Fern Filipendula–see Meadowsweet Fine Bole–see Bole Armeniac Fir tree–1. Abies species, esp. A. balsamea (the Balsam Fir); 2. Pinus picea (Spruce Fir); 3. P. sylvestris (Scotch Pine or Scotch Fir). In older books, either of the last 2 are being referred to as the former in native to Canada. Fistic Nut–Pistachio nut Five Capillary Herbs–Maiden Hair, Wall Rue, Ceterach, Hart’s Tongue, Politricum. Five-Fingered Grass–Potentilla reptans Five-Leaved Grass–Potentilla reptans Five Fragmants of Precious Stones– fragments of equal weights of Garnet, Jacinth, Sapphire, Sardine, Emerald. These must be very finely levigated with Rose water, or else reduced to ash before being used. Five Opening roots–roots of Smallage (Celery), Fennel, Asparagus, Parsley, Sea Holly. Five-leaved Grass–see Cinquefoil Flag, Yellow–Iris pseudoacorus Flax–Linum usitatissimum Flaxseed–Linseed Flaxweed–Linaria vulgaris Fleabane, Marsh–Senecio vulgaris Fleabane, Mountain–Senecio jacobea Fleabane, Small–Pulicaria dysenterica Fleawort seed–Plantago psyllium Fleur-de-Lys–Iris pseudoacorus Flint–a type of Chalcedony used to cause sparks. Flixweed–Sisymbrium sophia Florentine Orris–Iris florentina Flores, Flos (Flowers)–1. flower of a plant; 2. a fine, light powder, produced primarily from minerals by sublimation; Flos Sulphuris is one example. Flos Sulphuris–Sublimed Sulphur Flower de Luce–see Orris Flower Gentle–Amaranthus hypochondriacus Flowering Rush–Butomus umbellatus Flowers–(see Flores, Flos): 1. the flowers of a plant; 2. the flowers of a mineral, being the sublimed form. Most commonly Flowers of Sulphur are referred to (Sublimed Sulphur) Flowers of Sulphur–Sublimed Sulphur Flowers of Tin–Tin Oxide Flowers of Zinc–crude Zinc Oxide found as a deposit in Zinc chimneys Fluellein–Veronica officinalis Flux–any abnormal leakage or bleeding; Flux of the belly is diarrhea; Flux of the Terms is excessive Menstrual bleeding, etc. Folii–Indian leaf, which see. Folium Indium–Indian Leaf (which see). Fool’s Stones–see Orchis Four Cordial Flowers–flowers of Borage, Bugloss, Rose, Violet Four Greater Cold Seeds–seed of Citruls, Cucumber, Gourds, Melon Four Greater Hot Seeds–seeds of Annis, Caraway, Cummin, Fennel Four Lesser Cold Seeds–seeds of Chicory, Endive, Lettuce, Purslain Four Lesser Hot Seeds–seeds of Bishop’s Weed, Amomus, Smallage, Carrots. Foxglove–Digitalis purpurea Fox Stones–Orchis maculata root Frankincense–Boswellia thurifera gum Fraxinella–see Dittany Fraxinus–see Ash French Lavender–Lavendula stoechas French Mercury–M. gallium Fulminating Gold–Gold Hydrazide: an olive-colored powder of Gold that is highly explosive (much more so than Gunpowder): it explodes when concussed: AuHNNH2: made by adding Ammonia to Auric Hydroxide Fulminating Silver–Silver Nitride; very explosive in dry form. Made by dissolving Silver Oxide in Ammonia. Fumaria bulbosa–Bulbous Fumitory, also called Round Birthwort Fumitory–Fumaria officinalis herb Furze Bush–Ulex europeus G Galangal–Alpina officinarum root Galangal, English–Cyperus longus Galbanum–a foul-smelling gum-resin from a species of Ferula, F. galbaniflua; similar to Asafetida which may usually substitute it. Galega–see Goats Rue Galena–Native Lead Sulphate: PbS; also a Lead or Silver ore, or the Slag remaining after refining of Lead. Galiopsis–see Dead Nettle (Lamium) Gall–1. Bile; 2. the hard, round growths on various trees caused by certain insects. Gall Oak–Quercus infectoria Gamboge–Garcinia hanburyii Garden Basil–Ocimum basilicum Garden Dock–see Monk’s Rhubarb Garden Mint–Mentha viridis Garden Rocket–Eruca sativa Garlic–Allium sativum root Garlic Cress, Common–Alliaria officinalis Gemme–Gem Genista–Broom Gentian–Gentiana lutea root Geranium–see Herb Robert German Acacia–‘no more than the expressed juice of unripe wild Sloes, inspissated in a Bath heat’. German Contrayerva–see Anthora. Germander–Teucrium chamaedrys; T. marum; Large-leaved Germander was called Chamedrys. Gersa–a type of Fecula of Dragons Root; take roots of the greater herb Dragon in Spring, washed and dried; powder finely and put in an earthen vessel with Rose water; cover with a linen cloth, and dry in the Sun; powder, cover with Rose water again, dry by evaporation, and repeat for 3 or 4 days; powder again mix with odoriferous wine, form which, form Pastils, and dry in the shade. (RE) Gersa Serpentina–see Gersa. Geum–Geum herbanum. Gilly-Flower–Motthiala incona Ginger–Zingiber officinalis root Gips–Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate) Gith–see Nigella Gladiole, Water–Butomus umbellatus Gladwin–Iris foetidissima Glass of Antimony–impure Antimony Tetroxide; made by roasting Stibnite (a native ore of Antimony). Used in medicine, and also as a Yellow Pigment. Glasswort–Salsola kali Glaubers Salt–Sal Mirabilis; Sodium Sulphate: Na2SO4.10H2O Goat herb–Aegopodium podagraria Goat’s Arrach–(Wild Arrach) Atriplex olida Goat’s Beard, Purple–Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s Beard, Yellow–Tragopogon porrifolius Goat’s Blood prepared–Goat’s Blood was prepared by beheading a Goat at the full Moon, and collecting the blood which flowed. This was dried into square bricks to be used in medicine, mainly to promote Urine and clear Stones, but also to help move the Blood and resist Poison. If used to promote Urine and clear Stones, the Goat was to bed fed on diuretic herbs for one month such as Parsley, Nettle, Ground Ivy etc. Goat’s Rue–Galega officinalis Goat’s Thorn–Astragalus tragacanth Gold Cups–Ranunculus spp. Golden Rod–Solidago virgaurea Golden Rod, Narrow-Leaved–Solidago angustifolia Golden Rod, Welsh–Solidago cambrica Golden Samphire–Inula crithmifolia Gold of Pleasure–Myagrum sativum Gooseberry bush–Ribes grossularia Goose Grass–Potentilla anserina Goose Grease–Galium aparine herb Gosmore, Long-rooted–Hypochoeris radicata Gosmore, Smooth–Hypochoeris glabra Gosmore, Spotted–Hypochoeris maculata Gourd–Cucurbita pepo Goutweed–Aegopodium podagraria Goutwort–Aegopodium podagraria Grains of Kermes–Cochineal, from the insect Kermes ilices, usually found on Quercus coccifera. It was principally used in Confection of Alkermes, as was mainly used to give a red color. It was also applied to wounds. Grains of Paradise–aromatic seeds of Aframomum melegueta; similar to, but better than Cardamom. Granate–see Pomegranate Granatorum–see Pomegranate Granite, Granat–old name for the stone Garnet Gratia Dei–see Herb Robert Gratiola–Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola officinalis Great Broad-Leaved Ragwort–Senecio saracenicus Great Garden Patience–Rumex alpinus Greek Hayes–Trigonella foenum-graecum Green Copperas–Iron Sulphate Green Vitriol–Iron Sulphate Green, Winter–Trientalis europea Grommel (Gromwell)–Lithospermum spp. Ground-Ash–Aegopodium podagraria Ground Ivy–Glechoma hederacea herb Ground Pine–Ajuga chamaepitys Groundsel–Senecio vulgaris Groundsel, Cotton–Senecio viscosus Groundsel, Hoary–Senecio erucefolius Groundsel, Mountain–Senecio sylvaticus Groundsel, Stinking–Senecio viscosus Groundsel, Water–Senecio jacobea Grove Marjoram–Origanum vulgare Guaiacum–Guaiacum officinale wood and gum. Gum–see Gum Arabic Gum Acacia–as for Gum Arabic Gum Ammoniac–Dorema ammoniacum Gum Arabic–Acacia senegal, A. arabica Gum Elemi– Gum Tragacanth–Astragalus gummifer, A. tragacanth Gutta Gambi–see Gamboge Gyps–see Gypsum Gypsum–native Calcium sulphate H Hare’s Ear–Bupleurum rotundifolium Hart–Deer Hart’s Bone–see Bone of a Stag’s Heart Hart’s Horn–1. Deer Horn; in Europe, both the mature calcified Horn and the young ‘Velvet’ Horn were used. Usually the young horns is referred to as ‘Young Horn’, or ‘Buds’. Mature horn was often used in the form of its ashes or salts, but was sometimes used as powder. Hartshorn was also used as a source of Ammonia, Spirits of Hartshorn being an old name of Spirit of Ammonia. 2. Another name for Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) Hart’s Tongue–a fern, traditionally listed as Asplenium scolopendrium or Scolopendrium officinarum; more recently, Phyllitis scolopendrium Hartwort–Tordylum officinale Hawkweed–Hypochoeris radicata Hawkweed, Common Broad-leaved–Hyeracia murorum Hawthorn–Crataegus laevigata leaf, fruit, seed, flower Hazel–Corylus avellana Heartsease–Viola tricolor herb Hedge Hyssop–Gratiola officinalis Hedera–see Ivy Hedera Arborea–Tree Ivy (see Ivy) Hedera terrestris–see Ground Ivy Hedgeweed–Erysimum officinale, E. barbarea Helenii–see Elecampane Hellebore, Black–Helleborus niger; used to clear Melancholy, in Madness, Cancer, and other diseases caused by Melancholy. It must be prepared before use, which was often done by steeping the root in Vinegar for 24 hours. It must be used cautiously, as it is toxic. Hellebore, White–Veratrum album, V. viride less commonly used than the Black. Hellebori albi–see White Hellebore Hellebori nigri–see Black Hellebore Hematite–usually refers to a reddish Iron Ore (Iron oxide); however Hematite means ‘Bloodstone’, and there has been confusion between this Iron ore and the Chalcedony stone with the same name. See Bloodstone for more. Hemlock–Conium maculatum Hemp–Cannabis sativa Hemp, Indian–Cannabis sativa Henbane–Hyoscyamus niger Henry, Good–Mercurialis annua Herba Stellaria–Rhamnus catharticus Herb Bennet–Geum herbanum. Herb Christopher–Actoea spicata Herb Guard–Aegopodium podagraria Herb Ivy (Buckthorn)–Rhamnus catharticus Herb Paris–see Herb True-Love Herb Robert–Geranium robertianum Herb True-Love–Paris quadrifolia Herb Twopence–Lysmachia nummularia Herb William–Ammi majus Hermodactils–root of Colchicum autumnale; various related species were used Herniaria–see Rupturewort Hindberry–Rubus idaeus Hippoglossum–Ruscus hypoglossum Hipposelinum–see Lovage Hirundinaria–see Swallow-wort Hog Fennel–Peucedanum officinale Hog’s Lice–see Pill Millipedes Holy Thistle–Carduus benedictus Holly–Ilex aquifolium Hollyhock–Althea rosa Holly, Sea–Eryngium maritimum Holm–Ilex aquifolium Honewort–Sison spp. Honewort, Slender–(‘a species of Stone Parsley’) Sison ammonium Honeysuckle–Lonicera caprifolium Honeysuckle, Dwarf–Cornus herbacea Honeywort–Cerinthe major Hops–Humulus lupulus strobiles Hordeum–see Barley Horehound–Marrubium vulgare herb Horehound, Black–Ballota nigra Horminum–Wild Asparagus Horse Parsley–Smyrnium olusatrum Horseradish–Armordica rusticana root Horsetail–Equisetum arvense herb Horse-Tongue–Ruscus hypoglossum Hound’s-Tongue–Cynoglossum officinale Hot Seeds–see Four Greater Hot Seeds and Four Lesser Hot Seeds. Hound’s Tongue–Cynoglossum officinale. Houseleek–Sempervivum tectorum Houseleek, Small–Sedum minus; S. album Houseleek, Stone-crop–Sedum minus; or S. acre(?) Houseleek, Water–Sempervium aquatica Hulver-bush–Ilex aquifolium Hyacinth–1. the roots of Hyacinthus spp. of the Lilliaceae; ‘there are many species’ (C); 2. a reddiesh-yellow type of the stone Zircon. Hydrargyrum–Mercury Hydrargyri Chloridum–Calomel Hydromel–Mead, Metheglin; made of Water and Honey, boiled and fermented together. Sometimes Hydromel simply meant a mixture of water and Honey without fermentation. Hyoscyamus–see Henbane Hypocystis/Hypocistus–Ledum; Cytinus hypocistis; the black juice is collected and depurated by being boiled over gentle fire in a glased earthen vessel, to the thickness of a semi-solid extract; see Cistus. Hyssop–Hyssopus officinalis herb Hyssop, Hedge–Gratiola officinalis I Imperatoriae–see Masterwort Indian Leaf–‘Folium Indium’; the leaves of Laurus Cassia; the plant called this by Dioscorides was probably different to that used during the 16th and 17th centuries. Indian Nut–Coconut. Indian Poke–Veratrum viride Indian Spikenard–Nardostachys jatamansi, an important Ayurvedic medicine, similar in use to Valerian. Iris–see Orris Iris Florentine–see Florentine Orris Iva Arthritica–see Germander Ivory–Elephant tusk Ivy–Hedera helix leaf; also the gum Ivy tree–see Ivy J Jacinth–a synonym of Hyacinth; a reddish- yellow type of Zircon. Jack-by-the-Hedge–Alliaria officinalis Jade–either of 2 green stones: Jadeite or Nephrite. Jalap–Ipomoea purga Japanic Earth–Catechu (especially Pale Catechu, Uncaria gambier). Jasmine–Jasminum officinale Jessamine–see Jasmine Jew’s Ear–(Fungii) Hirneola auricula-Judae Jew’s Stone–see Lapis Judaicus Judean Pitch–Bitumen Jujube–Ziziphus jujuba fruit July Flower–Motthiala incona Juncus odoratus–see Camels Hay Juniper–Juniperus communis fruit K Kali–Salsola kali Kelp–Fucus spp.; also Laminaria Kidney Bean–Phaseolus vulgaris Kidney Stone–Nephrite form of Jade Kidneywort–Cotyledon umbilicus King’s Clover–Meliotus officinalis Knapweed–Centaurea scabiosa Knapweed, Black–Centaurea nigra Knapweed, Greater–Centaurea scabiosa Knapwort–Centaurea jacea Knee Holy–see Butcher’s Broom Knee Hulver–see Butcher’s Broom Knotgrass–Polygonum aviculare herb

Labdanum–juice from Rock Rose, a type of Cistus Lacca–resinous product, secreted by the insect Carteria lacca, usually lives on Ficus species Lac Sulphuris–Precipitated Sulphur Ladies Bed Straw–Galium spp. Ladies Mantle–Alchemilla vulgaris Lady’s Smock–Cardamine pratensis Lapis–means ’Stone’ Lapis Aerarius–Pyrite Lapis Aquileius–’Eagle Stone’; Geode Lapis Armenius–Azurite Lapis Calaminaris–see Calamine Lapis Cancri–Crab’s Stone; round balls of Calcium carbonate found on the underbelly of freshwater Crayfish. Lapis Geodes–a Geode; a stone with a smaller stone within it. Lapis Iaspis–Jasper Lapis Infernalis–Silver Nitrate Lapis Judaicus–’Jews Stone’; fossil Sea Urchin spine, used for Urinary stones. Lapis Lazuli–deep blue semi-precious gem stone with golden flecks of iron pyrite Lapis Luminaris–Pyrite Lapis Lyncis–Lynx stone; ancient name for Belemnite (a fossil); thought by some (including Pliny) to be a synonym for Amber; a transparent yellow stone, thought to be derived from the place where a Lynx had urinated. Caspar Neumann (1773) and others state that the ancient Lyncurium was the Jacinth (Zircon). Used for Urinary Stones, also against Nightmare. Lapis Nephriticus–Nephrite form of Jade Lapis Selenites–Selenite; either a type of Gypsum or the gem Feldspar Lapis Silex–Flint (a type of Chalcedony) Lapis Specularis–Several stones were known by this name: 1. Salmon said the Lapis Specularis, Selenite, Aphroselene and Alumen Scariole were called in English Specular stone or Mucovy Glass. This last is the Muscovite type of Mica which was separated into thin sheets to be used in glazing, as noted by Salmon. Sometimes Lapis Specularis appears to have been used for a type of Gypsum or the gem Feldspar. Lapis Spongie–’Sponge Stone’; the stone found in the center of a Sponge. Lapis Tiliceus–Flint (a type of Chalcedony, used to create sparks) Lapis Vegetabilis–Vegetable Stone; ‘a salt medicine, being a Tincture and Oil boiled hard as a stone’. Lappa major–see Burdock Larix–Larch Laudanum–either a Tincture of Opium, or more Traditionally, a medicine whose chief ingredient was Opium. The term was popularised by Paracelsus. Laurel–Laurus nobilis Laurel, Evergreen–Daphne laureola Laurel, Spurge–Daphne laureola Laurus–see Bay tree Lavender–Lavendula officinalis Lavender, Cotton–Lavendula temina Lees–is the settlings or sediment of a liquid; specifically that of wine. Lemnian Earth–Earth of Lemnos Lemon–Citrus limonum seed, peel Lemon Grass–see Camel’s Hay Lentil–Lens culinaris Lentiscum–see Mastic Lesser Burdock–a smaller variety of Arctium Lesser Celandine–Ranunculus ficaria Lettuce, Common–Lactuosa sativa Lettuce, Garden–Lactuosa sativa Lettuce, Wild–Lactuosa virosa Levigation–the method of finely powdering a stone or gem with water or Rose water upon a Mortar until it is so fine that it cannot be felt between the fingers when rubbed–like flour or Talcum powder. It is most important that all parts of the stone are extremely fine, especially with the harder gem stones. Failure to properly levigate a stone may result in serious internal injury. For this reason, one lot of stones was often levigated for 2 weeks. It can then be mixed with Rose water and passed through several layers of fine cloth (which attracts and keeps any larger pieces). Evaporation of the Rose water will give a most fine powder. Levisticum–see Lovage Lichen–normally refers to Liverwort Licorice–Glycyrrhiza glabra root Life Everlasting– 1. Sedum telephium 2. Helichrysum, Yellow Everlasting Lights–Lungs Lightwort, Sea–Pneumonia maritima Lignum–Wood Lignum Aloes–Aloes Wood, Eagle Wood; Aquilaria agallocha; rare and expensive, it can usually be substituted by Sandalwood. Lignum Crucis–’Wood of the Cross’; Mistletoe wood (often forms a Cross) Lignum Guaiacum–Guaiacum wood Lignum Sanctum–Guaiacum wood Lignum Vitae–Guaiacum wood Ligusticum–see Lovage Ligustrum–see Privet Lillium convallium–see Lilly of the Valley Lily of the Valley–Convallaria majalis Lily, Water–Nymphea odorata Lily, White–Lilium candidum Lime–1. Calx; Calcium Oxide, CaO; 2. Lime tree, Linden, Tilias europa; 3. Lime fruit, Citrus aurantifolia. Lime water usually refers to a solution of Calcium oxide, while Lime juice refers to the Citrus juice. Lime, Slaked–Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Lime Water–Liquor Calcis, saturated aqueous solution of Calcium hydroxide. Linaria–see Flaxweed Linden–Tilia europea flowers Lingua avis–Ash tree seed, Fraxinus exelsior Lingua cervina–Scolopendra officinalis Linseed–Linium usitatissimum seed Linum–see Linseed Liquor Calcis–(Lime Water) saturated aqueous solution of Calcium hydroxide. Litharge–Lead Monoxide; Litharge of ‘Gold’ and ‘Silver’ were used, both being oxides of Lead ceased at different stages of the burning of lead, one being silver in color, that heated for longer being golden, and that burned for a long time becomes reddish in color (being Minium). Both Gold and Silver Litharge are used the same and were often combined. Litharge was commonly used in external remedies for Ulcers, Wounds and Inflammations etc. Liver of Sulphur–a complex mix of the Polysulphides of Potassium; made by fusing Potassium and Sulphur Liverwort–any of a number of species of Hepatica Lixivium–A solution of Lye; a solution where alkaline Salts have been dissolved. Lluellin Speedwell–Veronica officinalis Lolium–Darnel Long Birthwort–Aristolchia longa Long Pepper–Piper longum fruit Loosestrife–Lysimachia vulgaris Lousewort–see Stavesagre Lovage–Levisticum officinale root Luna–1. Moon; 2. Silver Luna Caustic–Silver Nitrate Lungwort–Pulmonaria officinalis Lupin(e)–Lupinus spp. (some species are poisonous, while some are used for fodder); esp. L. albus, the White Lupin, the seeds of which were used as diuretics and emmenagogues. (See Electuary Provoking Menstruation) Lye–a lye can be any solution obtained by leaching, typically obtained from Wood ashes; normally giving a solution of Potassium Hydroxide: KOH Lyncurium–see Lapis Lyncis M Mabathematicon–juice of wild cabbage Mace–Myristica fragrans; dried arillus of the Nutmeg. Macis–see Mace Macedonian Stone Parsley–Petro-selinum macedonicum seed and root. The seed of Smyrnium olusatrum was used by the Apothecaries for it. Similar to Italian Parsley. Madder–Rubia tinctorum root Magistery–a special alchemical preparation, usually made of gems. Maiden-hair–Adiantum spp.; most often Adiantum capillus-veneris Maiden-hair, Golden–Adiantum aureum Maiden-hair of Montpelier–Adiantum capillus-yoneris? Maiden-hair, White–Asplenium ruta muraria Malabathrum–see Folium Indicum Malicorium–Pomegranate peel Mallow, Common–Malva sylvestris leaf Mallow, Marsh–Althea officinalis Malmsey Wine–strong, sweet wine with a strong flavor, originally made in Greece, but now in Madeira. Malva–Mallow Malva arborea–see Hollyhock Mandragorae–see Mandrake Mandrake–Mandragora officinalis Mangel Wurzel–Beta altissima Manna–exudate of Fraxinus ornus Man’s Skull–powdered human skull was sometimes added to formulas for brain and nervous diseases, especially Epilepsy. Manus Christi–a Confection made of Rose water and Sugar; if Pearl powder is added (1 dram to every ounce), and a little Gold leaf, it makes Manus Christi Perlatum, or Manus Christi with Pearls. Maple tree–Acer spp. Maratri–Fennel Marcasite–native Iron Disulphide March-Pane–(Martius panis; Marzi-pan) a confection made of Sweet Almonds and Sugar (an equal, double, or triple quantity), with Rose Water. Marjoram–Origanum marjorana herb Marjoram, Common–Origanum vulgare Marjoram, Sweet–Origanum marjorana herb Marjoram, Wild–Origanum vulgare Marjoram, Winter Sweet–Origanum heracleoticum Marshmallow–Althea officinalis root Marsh Pennywort–Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Samphire–Salsola kali Marsh Trefoil–Menyanthes trifoliata Marum–identity uncertain; similar to Marjoram or Dittany of Crete, either of which can be substituted for it. Mary’s Thistle–Silybum marianum Masterwort–Imperatoria ostruthium (syn. Peucedanum ostruthium) Mastic–an aromatic gum collected from Pistacia lentiscus or related species, mainly from the Greek island of Chio. Mastic Herb–Thymus mastichina (C) Matricaria–see Motherwort Matrix–Uterus Maudlin–Achillea ageratum Mayweed, Stinking–Anthemis cotula (syn. Pyrethrum parthenium) Mead–Fermented Honey and Water Meadowsweet–Filipendula ulmaria Mechoacannae–Convolvulus mechoacanna Medlar–Mespilus germanica Meliot–Meliotus officinalis Melo–Melon Mentastri–Wild Mint Mentha Saracenica–see Saracen’s Mint Mercurialis–see Mercury (herb) Mercurius Calcinatus per se–Red Precipitate: Mercuric Oxide: HgO Mercurius Precipitatus–Red Mercuric Oxide (first described by Gerber) Mercurius Dulcis–see Calomel Mercury–1. the Metal; 2. one of the 3 alchemical elements, Salt, Sulphur and Mercury; 3. herbs of the euphorbiaceous genus Mercurialis, such as M. perennis (which is poison), and M. annua, also called English Mercury. French Mercury is M. gallium. The latter is being called for when 1 oz. of Mercury is written in an internal formula!!! Mespilus–see Medlar Meu(m)–Spignel, Meu athamanticum Mezeron Spurge–Daphne mezereum Middle Comfrey–see Bugle Mild Arssmart–Persicaria maculata Milk Thistle–Silybum marianum Milk of Sulphur–Precipitated Sulphur Millipedes, Pill–usually Armadillidium vulgare; Glomeris marginata is the common European Pill Millipede Milii Solis– see Gromwell Millium Solis–see Gromwell Mineral Alkali–Hydrated Sodium Carbonate Mineral Oil–Petroleum Mineral Pitch–see Bitumen Minium–Red Lead Oxide: Pb3O4 Mints–a number of Mentha species were commonly used: Garden Mint, Wild Mint, Water Mint and Field Mint (also called Calamint) being among the most common. Mint, Garden–Mentha viridis Mint, Horse–Mentha sylvestris Mint, Water–Mentha aquatica Mint, Wild–Mentha sylvestris Mirrhis–Anthriscus cerefolium herb Mistletoe–Viscum album leaf, twigs, wood; most revered was that of the Oak; but Apple, Pear, Peach, Mulberry, Ash tree, Barberry etc. have been used. Mithridate–a large compound used as an Antipoison, and used for around 2000 years. Named after King Mithridate. Momordica–see Apple of Jerusalem Moneywort–Lysmachia nummularia Monk’s Rhubarb–Rumex alpinus Moonwort–Osmunda lunaria Mortal (Bittersweet)–Solanum dulcamara Morus diaboli–see Devil’s Bit Moschata–see Nutmeg Moss–various species of Muscus. Moss, Ground–Lychen terrestris Mother of Pearl–the inner lining of the shell of the shellfish in which Pearls are found. Other shells containing nacre are also called Mother of Pearl. Mother of Thyme–Thymus serpilliun Motherwort–Leonurus cardiaca herb Mountain Fleabane–Senecio jacobea Mountain Parsley–Athamanta Oreoselinum (syn. Apium montanum) Mouse-ear–Hieracium pilosella (syn. Cerastium vulgatum) Mugwort–Artemisia vulgaris Mulberry-tree–Morus nigra Mullein, Black–Verbascum nigra Mullein Dock–Verbascum thapsus flower, herb Mullein, White–Verbascum thapsus flower, herb Mummy–1. ‘and the mumia of Avicen is supposed to be a kind of pissasphaltum’. This means the Indian Shilajit of modern use in India. The similar product derived from Arab regions is still called ‘Mumiya’; 2. mummified Human flesh. This was used to move the blood and clear bruising. Traditionally, Mummy was derived from ancient mummified bodies in Arab countries, particularly Egypt.     In the 17th Century, these mummified bodies were often the remains of Caravan trains which had been swallowed by the Desert Sands in wind storms. The people were suffocated and dried by the sands, thus preserving them. At a later time, they would appear as the sands moved. They were then treated and prepared for the market.     A more gruesome source was the abduction and murder of street people in some Arab countries and supposedly, even in some European towns. Some old writers giving detailed instructions for the preparation of Mummy from a freshly killed body. Shilajit or Myrrh are substitutes.     Mumiya was mistranslated from the Arabs as Mummy–mummified human flesh. But the real medicine they referred to was Shilajit, still called Mumiya in some countries. Thus, the whole inspiration for the use of mummified flesh was based on a misconception, and most formulas where ‘Mummy’ was called for was in fact based on the use of Mumiya (Shilajit) by the Arabs. Muriatic Acid–Hydrochloric Acid Muscus–1. Moss; 2. sometimes Musk Muscus terrestris–Earth moss Musk–secretion from, or whole gland of the Musk Deer, Moschus moschiferus. Storax may be used as a substitute, which may be combined with Calamus, Camphor or Saffron for added effect. Mustard, Black–Sinapis nigra seed Mustard, Hedge–Sisymbrium officinal Mustard, White–Sinapis alba seed Myrobalans–a term used for several Indian fruits. Traditionally, 5 different types were listed; nowadays, these may be replaced by the 3 main Myrobalans, Belleric, Chebulic and Emblic (as used in Ayurveda under the name Triphala). The Five Myrobalan fruits:     i. Belleric (Terminalia bellerica)     ii. Chebulic (Terminalia chebula)     iii. Emblic (Emblica officinalis)     iv. Black or Indian (small black Chebula)     v. Citrine or Yellow (large yellow Chebula) Myrrh–Commiphora molmol gum Myrrh, English–Cicufaria odorata Myrtle–Myrtus communis Myrtle Flag–Iris pseudoacorus Myrtle Grass–Iris pseudoacorus N Nailwort–Draba verna Napi–Navew Nard–see Spikenard Nardi Celtica–see Celtic Spikenard Nardi Indica–see Spikenard Nasturtium aquaticum–see Water-cress Nasturtium hortensis–see Garden Cress Navelwort–Cotyledon umbilicus Navew–Brassica campestris Nep–Nepeta cataria Nephritic wood–a wood imported from South America. Nettle–Urtica dioica seed, root, leaf Nigella–Nigella sativa Nightshade, Black–Solanum nigrum Nightshade, Common–Solanum nigrum Nightshade, Deadly–Atropa belladonna Nitre–Saltpetre; Potassium nitrate; KNO3 Noble Aconite–see Anthora Nut–usually refers to Walnuts Nutgrass–see Cyperus rotundus Nutmeg–Myristica fragrans Nux–Nut; usually refers to Walnut Nux Indica–Coconut Nux Moschata–see Nutmeg Nux Pinea–Pine Nuts Nux Vomica–the seed of Strychnos nux vomica which contain strychnine, a potent toxin. O Oak–Quercus spp. leaf, bark and acorns Oats–Avena sativa seed Ochre–Yellow Ochre, a natural earth containing hydrated iron oxide. Oenantha–see Filipendula Oil (if unspecified)–Olive (in Europe), or Sesame (in Indian and China). Oil of Peter–Petroleum Oil of Sulphur per Campanum–Sulphuric acid. Oil of Tartar per deliquium–Potassium subcarbonate that’s taken up water Oil of Vitriol–Sulphuric Acid (made by distilling Iron Sulphate) Olibanum–another name for Frankincense, Boswellia spp. Olive Spurge–Daphne mezereum Olu Atri–Alexander Omphacine, Oil–oil of unripe Olives. Onycha–see Blatta Byzantina. One Berry–Paris quadrifolia Onion–Allium cepa Ononis–see Restharrow Opening roots–see the Two Opening Opium Poppy–Papaver somniferum Opobalsamum–liquor (resin) of Commiphora opobalsamum Opopanax–gum-resin of Opopanax chironum (syn. Ferula opopanax) of Turkish and Persian origin. Orach (Arrach)–Atriplex hortensis Orange–Citrus x sinensis (syn. Citrus aurantium var. dulcis, or Citrus aurantium) Orchis–Orchis maculata root Oregane–Origanum vulgare herb Oregano–Origanum vulgare herb Oreganum–Origanum vulgare herb Orpiment–Arsenic Trisulphide Orris–Iris germanica root Orpine–Sedum telephium Osmund Royal–see Water Fern Osteocolla–Tubes of bone-like structure of limestone and sand that form in the soil around dead tree roots and inside often contain wood particles. Used for Fractures. Soloman’s Seal root was an accepted substitute. Ox-eye–Leucanthemum vulgare, syn. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Oxycrate–a mixture of Vinegar and Water. Oxymel–mixture of Vinegar and Honey Oxyrrhodina–a mixture of Rose Vinegar with Oil of Roses; used as a fomentation externally for heat type headache and pain; often a little Camphor was added. P Palma–see Date palm Panic–Panicumitalicum Pansy–Viola tricolor Papaver erraticum–see Red Poppy Paradise wood– Parietaria–see Pellitory of the Wall Parsley–Petroselinum hortense, P. crispum seed, leaf, root Parsley Breakstone–Alchemilla arvense Parsley, Common Stone–Sison amomum Parsley Piert–Alchemilla arvense Parsley, Rock–Peucedanum officinale Parsley, Small Stone–Caucalis arvensis Parsley, Smooth Stone–Caucalis leptophylla Parsnip (Garden Parsnip)–Pastinaca sativa Parsnip, Cow–Heracleum sphondylium Parsnip, Upright Water–Sium latifolium, S. angustifolium Parsnip, Water–Sempervium aquatica Pasque flower–Pulsatilla vulgaris Pastinacae latifolia–see Parsnip Pastinacae sylvestris–see Wild Parsnip Parthenium–see Motherwort Paul’s Betony––Veronica officinalis Peach–Prunus persica, kernels, bark Peachwort–Persicaria maculata Peagles–Primula veris Pear–Pyrus sativa Pearmaines–any of several varieties of Apple Pellitory of Spain–Anacyclus pyrethrum Pellitory of the Wall–Parietaria diffusa Penids–also called Pennets or Sugar Pennets, a sugar confection made with Barley water. Pennyroyal–Mentha pulegium herb Pennyroyal, Wall–Cotyledon umbilicus Pennywort, Marsh–Hydrocotyle vulgaris Pennywort, Wall–Cotyledon umbilicus Pentafilli–see Cinquefoil Pentaphyllum– see Cinquefoil Peony–Paeonia officinalis root and seed; the Chinese White Peony may be used synonymously. Peony, Male–Paeonia officinalis Pepper–see Long and Black Peppers Pepper, Guinea–Capsicum frutescens Peppermint–Mentha x piperita herb Pepper, Water–Polygonum hydropier Periwinkle–Vinca major herb Periwinkle, Great–Vinca major herb Periwinkle, Lesser–Vinca minor herb Persica–see Peach Petroselinum–see Stone Parsley Petroselinum montanum–see Mountain Parsley Petroselinum Macedonicum–see Macedonian Stone Parsley Phistaciorum–Pistachio Phu magnum–Garden Valerian Phu parvum–Wild Valerian Pilewort–Ranunculus ficaria Pill Millipedes–Pill Bug, any of various species of Armadillidium Pilosella–see Mouse-ear Pimpernel–Anagallis spp. Pimpernel Rose–Rosa rubigosa Pimpernel, Water–Anagallis aquatica Pimpinella–see Saxifrage Pinaster–Wild Pine Pine–Pinus spp.; bark, leaves, nuts; typically Pinus sylvestris Pineatum (Pineolatum)–made of Pine Nuts, Sugar and Rose Water as March Pane is of Almonds. Pingles–Pine nuts Pinings–1. to Long for something; 2. failing Health or Energy, or Wasting due to Grief, Longing, Emotions etc. Pissasphaltos–1. a mixture of Pitch and Resin; 2. a natural product resembling a mixture of Pitch and Bitumen; 3. Asphalt or ‘Indian Bitumen’. It is likely that the natural Pissasphaltum is the same as the modern Indian Shilajit. Pistachio–Pistachio vera, nut Pistaciorum–Pistacio Pitch–Pitch from Pine, Fir, Larch, Cedar or Turpentine trees Pix–Pitch, Tar. Pix Liquida–Tar; Pitch from Pinus sylvestris Pizzle–genitals, usually of Bull or Stag Plantaginis–Plantain Plantaginis aquatica–see Water Plantain Plantain–Plantago major herb, seed; see also Ribwort Plantain Plantain, Buck’s-Horn–Plantago coronopsus Plantain, Grass–Plantago coronopsus Plantain, Ribwort–Plantago lanceolata Ploughman’s Spikenard–Conyza squarrosa Plum–Prunus domestica Pockwood–Guaiacum Polii–see Poley Mountain Poley–see Poley Mountain Poley Montane–Teucrium polium Polygonatum–Soloman’s Seal Polygonum–see Knotgrass Polypody–a fern of the genus Polypodium, especially P. vulgare. The best was that gathered from an Oak tree, ‘Polypody of the Oak’. Polypody quercini–Polypody of the Oak Polytrichum–1. a Red Maidenhair; 2. in modern use, a type of Moss. Pomegranate–Punica granatum bark, flower, and skin of the fruit. Pontic Rhubarb–Rheum rhaponticum Pontic Wormwood–Artemesia ponticum Poplar, Black–Poplar nigra Poplar, White–Poplar albus Poppy–Papaver somniferum seed, dried juice. Poppy, Black–Papaver nigrum Poppy, Crowfoot–Papaver ranunculus Poppy, Opium–Papaver somniferum Poppy, Red–Papaver rhoeas Poppy, Violet-horned–Chelidonium corniculatum Poppy, White–Papaver somniferum Poppy, Yellow-horned–Glaucium luteum Porrum–Leek Pot Marjoram–Origanum onites Prassium album–see Marrubium Precipitated Chalk–Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3 Prepared–used in general to show that a medicine must be prepared for use; in herbs it often referred to steeping in Vinegar (this includes Coriander seed, Hellebore etc.); in Metals and Minerals, it may refer to heating and quenching a number of times, then levigating with water or Rose water until it cannot be felt when rubbed between the fingers. For Lapis Lazuli, it means washing the powdered stone with water or Rose water 10-15 times to wash off irritant salts. Prickly Bindweed–see Sarsaparilla Primrose–see Cowslip Privet–Ligustrum vulgare Prunus–Plum tree Pseudoacorus–Iris pseudoacorus Puff-Ball–(Fungii) Lycoperdon spp. Pugil–a measurement, usually reserved for flowers, in which a pinch of what can be picked up by 3 fingers at once is meant. Pulegium–see Pennyroyal Pulmonaria–see Lungwort Pulmonaria arborea–Tree Lungwort Pumex–see Pumice Pumice–a mineral found floating in the ocean; either from volcanic eruptions, or from the dried bones of Costazia spp; mainly Silicon Dioxide Pumpkin–Curcurbita maxima, seed Purslane–Portulacea oleracea herb, seed. Pyrethrum–see Pellitory Pyrite–’Fire Stone’; native Iron Disulphide or Iron-Copper Sulphide Pyrola–Pyrola rotundifolia (Wintergreen) Q Quick grass–see Couch Grass Quince–Cydonia oblonga Quinquefoliae–see Cinquefoil R Radish, Common–Raphanus sativus Radish, Garden–Raphanus sativus Radish, Wild–Cochlearia armoracia Ragweed–Senecio vulgaris Ragwort–Senecio vulgaris Ragwort, Great Broad-Leaved–Senecio saracenicus Ragwort, Water–Senecio jacobea Raisins of the Sun–Sun-dried Raisins Rampion, Hairy Sheep’s–Phyteuma spicatum Rampion, Horned–Phyteuma obiclare Rampion, Sheep’s–Jasione montana Raphani hortensis–see Radish Raphani sylvestris–see Horseradish Rapi–see Turnip Raspberry–Rubus idaeus leaf, fruit Rattle Grass–Rhinanthus crista-galli Raw Silk–the untreated cocoons of the Silkworm after the worm has left. These were often used in Cordial medicines, to protect the Heart from Poison. Red Clover–Trifolium pratense flower Red Lead–Minium, Red Lead Oxide Red Poppy–Papaver rhoeas Red Precipitate–Red Oxide of Mercury: HgO. Red Rattle Grass–Pedicularis sylvatica Reins–Kidneys and Ureters. Resin–of the Turpentine tree, or of Cyprus Turpentine (which is best) Restharrow–Ononis spinosa, O. repens Rhapontic–Rheum rhaponticum Rhaponticum–Rheum rhaponticum Rhenish Wine–Rhine Wine, wine from the Rhine region Rhubarb–Rheum palmatum root Rhubarb, Culinary–Rheum rhaponticum Rhubarb, Monk’s–Rumex alpinus Rhubarb of Peru–see Mechoachanna Rhubarb, Tart–Rheum rhaponticum Rhus–Sumach Ribes–see Currant Ribwort–Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain–Plantago lanceolata River Crabs Eyes–see Crabs Eyes River Crayfish Eyes–see Crabs Eyes Rocket Cress, Annual–Hesperis matronalis Rocket Cress, Dwarf–Iberis nudicaulis Rocket, Garden–Eruca sativa Rocket, Purple Sea–Cakile maritima Rocket, Wild–Eruca sylvestris Rocket, Winter–Eruca brumalis Roman Nigella–Nigella romana Root of Scarcity–Beta altissima Rosa Solis–see Sundew Rose–flowers of R. gallica (syn. R. rubra), the Gallic or Red Rose; R. damascena, the Damask Rose; R. centifolia, the French Rose. When ‘Rose’ was ordered, the first was meant; ‘Damask Rose’ signifying the second, the third rarely being called for. Red flowers were used, rarely the white. Rose, Damask–Rosa damascena Rose Oil–infusion of Roses in olive oil (usually repeated 3 or more times) Rosehip–Rosa canina fruit Rosemary–Rosmarinus officinalis leaf, flowers; rarely the wood Rosemary, Marsh–Andromeda polifolia Rose, White–Rosa alba Rubia Tinctorum–see Madder Rubus–Blackberry Rubus ideus–Raspberry Rue–Ruta graveolens herb, seed Rue, Meadow–Thalictum flavum Rue, Wild–Thalictum flavum Ruggedwort–Jacobea hibernica Rupturewort–Herniaria glabra Ruscus–see Butcher’s Broom Rush–Juncus spp. Rush Leeks–see Chives Rush Squinanth–Juncus odoratus Rust of Iron–Iron oxide Rushy Glonde–Subularia aquatica Ruta–see Rue Ruta muraria–see Wall Rue Rye–Secale cereale S Sabina–see Savin Sack (Wine)–any one of various strong, dry, white Wines from Spain or the Canary Islands. Safflower–Carthamus tinctorius flower Saffron–Crocus sativus flower pistils; 3-5 times the amount of Safflower or Calendula can be used as a substitute. Saffron, Bastard–Carthamus tinctorius Saffron, Meadow–Colchicum autumnale Saffron, Wild–Carthamus tinctorius Sagapen–Ferula persica gum-resin; similar to and related to Asafetida. Sage–Salvia officinalis leaf, flower Sage, Small–Salvia minor virtutis Sage of Life–see Wall Rue Sage of Virtue–Salvia minor virtutis Sage, Wood–Salvia agrestis St. John’s Wort–Hypericum perforatum St. Peter’s Wort–Ascyrum stans Sal–Salt; common Sea Salt (unrefined) Sal Ammoniac–Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl Sal Commune–Common Salt: NaCl Sal Enixum–Potassium Bisulphate: Sal Gem–Rock Salt (mined, not from the ocean) Sal Mirabilis–Glauber’s Salt; Sodium Sulphate, Na2SO4.10H2O Sal Nominus–Rock Salt Sal Polycrestum–Tartar Vitriolate, Potassium Sulphate Sal Prunella–Fused Saltpeter or Niter (potassium nitrate), purified with Sulphur. Sal Terminator–Sulphur Sallow–see Willow Salt of Alembroth–a double chloride of Mercury and Ammonia; Hg2(NH4) 2Cl4.H2O Salt, Bitter–Alkali. Salt Essential–see Essential Salt Salt, Fixed–see Fixed Salt Salt of Greece–Alum Salt of Hartshorn–Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 Salt of Hungary–Rock Salt. Salt of Saturn–Lead acetate Salt of Tartar–Potassium carbonate; white, calcined Tartar. Salt of Wormwood–principally Potassium carbonate, K2CO3. Saltpetre–Potassium nitrate. Salts of Herbs (Essential Salt)–The herb is burnt to ashes and dissolved in water, filtered, and evaporated to obtain a Salt; the remaining insoluble salts are called the Caput Mortam. Saltwort–Salsola kali Salzburg Vitriol–Copper Sulphate Samech–Tartar, or Salt of Tartar. Samnian Earth–see Earth of Samnos Samphire, Marsh–Salsola kali Samphire, Prickly–Echinophora spinosa Samphire, Rock–Crithmum maritimum Samphire, Small–Crithmum maritimum Sandalwood–Santalum album (White), S. rubrum (Red, syn. Pterocarpus santilinus), S. citrinum (Yellow), wood Sandaraca–1. Juniper gum; 2. Realgar (Arsenic) Sanders–see Sandalwood Sanguinaria (Buckthorn)–Rhamnus catharticus Sanguis Draconis–see Dragon’s Blood Sanguisorbia–see Burnet Sanicle–the umbelliferous herb Sanicula europaea or other related species. Santonicum–see Wormseed Sapphirus–generally taken for Sapphire, Sapphirus was Lapis Lazuli in Pliny’s day. Saracenica–see Golden Rod Saracen’s All-heal–see Golden Rod Saracen’s Consound–Senecio saracenicus Saracen’s Mint–(also called Roman Mint and St. Mary’s Mint) Sarcocol, Sarcocolla–a gum resin similar to Frankincense Sardonix–(Sardonyx); a kind of the stone onyx with bands of Sard in it (Sard is a brownish-red chalcedony); Pharmacopoeia Augustana lists Carnioli (Carnelian) Sarsaparilla–Smilax officinalis root Sassafras–Sassafras albidum wood Saturn–Lead Satyrion–see Orchis Savin–tops of Juniperus sabina Savory–Satureia spp.; S. hortensis is the Summer Savory; S. montana is the Winter Savory. Savory, Summer–1. Satureia hortensis; 2. Thymus mastichina (C) (less commonly) Sawwort–Serratula tinctoria Saxifrage–(lit. ‘Stone-breaker’) Pimpinella saxifraga or related species Saxifrage Burnet–Pimpinella saxifraga Saxifrage, Great Burnet–Pimpinella magna; Pimpinella saxifraga major Saxifrage, White–Saxifraga alba Scabious–Scabiosa arvensis Scammony–Convolvulus scammonia Scariole–common Chicory Scarlet Pimpernel–Anagallis arvensis herb Schoenanth–Andropogan schoenanthus Scilla–see Squill Scolopendrium verum–see Ceterach Scolopendrium vulgaris–see Hound’s Tongue Scordium–see Water Germander Scorzonera–also called Spanish Scorzonera; it is the root of Scorzonera hispanica. Scrophularia–see Figwort Scurvy-grass–Cochlearia officinalis Sea Colewort–Brassica marina Sea Eryngo–Eryngium maritimum Sea Fennel–Echinophora spinosa Sea Feverfew–Tanacetum maritima Sea Grass–Salsola kali Sea Holly–Eryngium maritinum root Sea Onion–see Squill Sea Wormwood–Artemisia maritima, Absynthium serippium Sealed Earth–see Terra Sigillata Sebestens–Plum-like fruit of Cordia Myxa, and Cordia latifolia Secacul–Sea Holly Secale–see Rye Sedum–see Houseleek Seitaragi–Nasturtium Self Heal–Prunella vulgaris herb, spikes Sempervium–see Houseleek Sengren–Sempervivum tectorum Sengreen–Sempervivum tectorum Senico–see Groundsel Senna–Cassia spp. C. angustifolia, C. acutifolia, C. senna and others; leaf, seed pods Serapini–Gum Sagapen Serpentary, English–(Bistort) Polygonum bistorta Serpillum–see Mother of Thyme Services–Pyrus domestica Sesame–Sesamum indicum seed Seseleos–see Siler Montane Seseli–1. see Siler Montane; 2. Hartwort Setter-grass–Helleborus niger Setter-wort–Helleborus niger Shepherd’s Purse–Capsella bursa-pastoris Sideritis–see Heraclea Sigilli Salomonis–see Solomon’s Seal Siler Montane– Laserpitium siler (syn. Siler montanum) Silk–Raw Silk was used, often in its ‘Toasted’ or ‘Torrefied’ state. This refers to the raw Cocoons of the Silkworms before they are treated. These are sometimes used in TCM. Silverweed–Potentilla anserina Siser–see Parsnip Sisimbrium–Mentha hortensis; Mentha aquatica Slaked Lime–Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Sloes–Prunus spinosa Smallage–wild Celery; Apium graveolens Small Dock–see Lesser Burdock Smallage–Celery, Apium graveolens, especially in its wild state. Smaragdus–Emerald Snails–Helix spp., flesh of Snakeweed–(Bistort) Polygonum bistorta Sneezewort–see White Hellebore Soapwort–Saponaria officinalis Sol–1. the Sun; 2. Gold Soldanella–Sea Colewort Soloman’s Seal–Polygonatum spp. P. multiflorum, P. officinale and others; root. Sorrel–Rumex acetosa Southerwood–Artemisia abrotanum Sowbread–Cyclamen hederifolium spp. Sow Fennel–Peucedanum officinale Spanish Bugloss–Anchusa tinctoria Spearmint–Mentha spicata herb Speedwell–Veronica spp. Spermaceti–a pale waxy substance found in the head of a Sperm Whale, used in ointments and cosmetics. Spica Celtica–see Spikenard, Celtic Spica Indica–see Indian Spikenard Spike–see Spikenard; sometimes used for Lavender Spikenard, Celtic–Valeriana celtica Spikenard, Indian–Nardostachys jatamansi, an important Ayurvedic medicine, similar in use to Valerian. Spikenard, Ploughman’s–Conyza squarrosa Spina alba–several plants were known as Spina alba: 1. Carduus marianus; 2. Rhamnus catharticus (Buckthorn); 3. Onopordum acanthium (Cotton thistle, Scotch thistle); 4. Echinopis spp.; 5. Eryngium spp. Spina infectoria–Buckthorn Spirit of Nitre–Nitric acid, HNO3. Spirit of Salt–Hydrochloric Acid, HCl Spirit of Turpentine–Oil of Turpentine Spirit of Vitriol–Sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Spirit of Wine–Alcohol; Brandy. Spiritum Vini–Spirits of Wine; Brandy Spodium–The term ‘Spodium’ is used for two separate things: Spodium Graecum, the Spodium of the Greeks which is Burnt Ivory (also called Antispodium), and Spodium Arabum, the Arab Spodium which is Tabasheer, or Bamboo silica. In addition, ancient Greek sources sometimes called Pompholyx Spodium.      In basically all formulas where Spodium is listed, it is the latter Arab Spodium, or Tabasheer. This Spodium appearing in formulas of the Arab writers including Avicenna, Mesue and Nicolas is referring to Tabasheer.     Renodeus said: ‘Burnt Ivory is foolishly and ineptly called Spodium, and substituted for the fictitious Arabian Spodium; for let Apothecaries believe as they will, there is but one true Spodium, and that is Greek Pompholyx [probably crude Zinc oxide], which should never be introsumed [inwardly taken]. The Arabian interpreters are also miserably out, in rendering Tabaxir [Tabasheer] Spodium, and Spodium Burnt Ivory: for Tabaxir is the succe [juice] or concreted liquor of certain trees, or very crass and tall reeds [ie Bamboo] … from which burning Avicenna mendicated his Spodium, or rather Tabaxir, which his insidious interpreter Clusius calls his Spodium. But we get not this Tabaxir from India’.      Tabasheer is much used in Indian, Unani, Tibetan and Chinese medicine to clear Heat and Phlegm, clear Toxin, and Stops Spasms; used for Fevers, Convulsions from Heat etc. Spotted Lungwort–see Lungwort Spurge–Greater and Lesser Spurge Spurge Laurel–Daphne laureola Squill–Drimia maritima is the most recent name; traditionally known to herbalists as Scilla maritima Squinanth-see Schoenanth Stag’s Heart Bone–see Bones of a Deers Heart. Stavesagre–Delphinium staphisagria Stella Marina–Starfish Stinking Arrach–Atriplex olida Stinking Gladwin–Iris foetidissima Stinking Mayweed–Anthemis cotula (syn. Pyrethrumparthenium) Stinking Motherwort–(Wild Arrach) Atriplex olida Stoechas–see French Lavender Stonecrop, Common–Sedum acre Stonecrop, Crooked Yellow–Sedum reflexum Stonecrop Houseleek–Sedum reflexum Stonecrop, Orpine–Sedum telephium Stone of Vulcan–Pumice Stone Parsley–Sison amomum Stone Smallage–see Macedonian Stone Parsley Stones from the Head of Fish–(Perches, Whitings etc.): used to clear Stones; sometimes used for mental or brain disorders. Storax–a solid resin obtained from Styrax officinalis Strawberry–Fragaria sp., leaf, fruit Styrax Calamitis–a liquid balsam obtained from Liquidamber orientalis Succinite, Succinum–Amber (see Amber) Succory–Chicory, Chicorium intylus; used similarly to Dandelion. Suet–hard fatty tissues around the loins and kidneys of sheep, cattle etc. Sugar of Lead–Saccharum Saturni: Lead Acetate: Pb(CH3CO)2 Sulphurated Potash–complex Polysulphides of Potassium Sulphuret–a Sulphide Sulphur Vive–’live Sulphur’; Sulphur which has not been fired or sublimed. Sulphur-wort–see Hog Fennel Sumach–Rhus spp. Summer Savory–1. Satureia hortensis; 2. Thymus mastichina (C) (less commonly) Sundew–(Rosa solis); Drosera rotundifolia; also D. peltata (Pale Sundew) Surfeits–overindulgence SV–Spiritum Vitae, alcohol or brandy Swallow-wort–1. Celandine (which see). 2. Vincetoxicum officinale (used as an emetic and counterpoison). Sweet Basil–Ocimum basilicum Sweet Briar–Rosa rubigosa Sweet Chervil–Anthriscus cerefolium herb Sweet Cicely–Anthriscus cerefolium herb Sysimbrium–see Watercress T Tamarinds–the fruit of Tamarindus indica Tamarisk–Tamarix gallica, a tree of the Mediterranean. Tansy–Tanacetum vulgare flowering herb Tartar–Tartar of Wine: Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate (this becomes Cream of Tartar when purified): KNC4H4O6 Tartar Emetic––Potassium Anti-monyl Tartrate, KSbOC4H4O6.1/2H2O Tartar Vitriolate–Sal Polycrestum, Potassium Sulphate, K2SO4 Tartarum–Argall, Lees of Wine Teazle–Dipsacus spp. Terra–Earth; often Kaolin-type clay earths were used, named depending on the area in which they originate from. Terra Alba–synonym for Chalk Terra Argenti: Silver Litharge Terra Auri–Gold Litharge Terra Foetida–synonym for Ceruse Terra Japonica–Catechu (especially Pale Catechu, Uncaria gambier) Terra Lemnia–Earth of Lemnos. Terra Sigilatta–Sealed Earth Teucrinum–see Germander Theriac–a large compound (up to 250 ingredients in the original), used for almost 1000 years; the Venice version contained over 60 medicines and was most commonly used throughout 16th and 17th century Europe. Thistle, Blessed–Carduus benedictus Thistle, Gum–Euphorbia helioscopia Thistle, Mary’s–Silybum marianum Thistle, St. Mary’s–Silybum marianum Thlapsi–several species of Penny-cress; inc. Thlapsi arvense, T. rotundifolium Thorough-wax–(Hares Ear) Bupleurum rotundifolium Throatwort–Scrophularia nodosa root Thuja–Thuja occidentalis leaf Thuris–Frankincense Thus–see Frankincense Thymbra–Satureia sylvestris Thyme–Thymus vulgaris herb Tilia–see Linden Tile tree–see Linden Tithymalus–Euphorbia helioscopia Toadflax–Linaria vulgaris Toothcress–Dentaria bulbifera Topaz–a clear or yellow transparent gemstone; a fluosilicate of alumina. The ancient Topaz was Chrysolite or Peridot. Tormentil–Potentilla tormentilla root Torrefied–parched or roasted Tragacanth–see Gum Tragacanth Tragant–Astragalus tragacanth Treacle–see Theriac. Tribulus–Tribulus terrestris seed Trichomanes–a Red Maidenhair, Asplenium trichomanes Trifolium–Three plants were called by this name: 1. Sorrel; 2. Golden Trifolium is Liverwort (Epatica); 3. Sweet Trifolium (Meliot) True-Love–Paris quadrifolia Tumeric–Curcurma longa root Tunica–see Gilliflower Turbith–Operculina turpethum Turkey Rhubarb–see Rhubarb Turkey Stone–Turquoise Turnip–Brassica rapa Turpentine–oleoresin of Pinus palustris or Pistacia terebinthus Turpeth–Operculina turpethum Turpeth Mineral–a hydrolysed form of Mercuric Sulphate: a yellow crystalline powder of Mercuric Sulphate made by Basil Valentine. Tussilaginis–Coltsfoot Tutty–impure Zinc oxide, traditionally obtained from the flutes of smelting furnaces, or from certain native minerals. Two Opening Roots–roots of Fennel and Parsley. U Umbilicus Marinus–a Sea shell which represents the human umbilicus. Unguis odoratus–see Blatta Byzantina. Unicorns Horn–thought to be from the mythical Unicorn, this horn was actually derived from the Narwal, most of the horns being found washed up on beaches of the Arctic and northern islands, presumably where there were also white horses roaming! Urtica mortua–see Dead Nettle V Valerian–Valeriana officinalis root Valerian, Greek–Polemonium ceruleum Velvet Dock–Verbascum thapsus Velvet Flower–Amaranthus hypochondriacus Venushair–similar to Maidenhair. Verdigris–mainly basic Copper Sulphate. Used in various external remedies. Verjuice–a sour juice made from unripe Grapes, or sometimes unripe Crab apples etc. Used for culinary or other purposes. Vermillion–Cinnabar (usually the artifical, the native form being called Cinnabar) Vernix–Juniper tree gum Veronica–Speedwell, Veronica officinlis Vervain–Verbena officinalis herb Vinca Pevinca–see Periwinkle Vincetox–see Swallow-wort Vincetoxicum–see Swallow-wort Vine–Grape-vine Violet–Viola odorata herb, flower Vipers Bugloss–Echium vulgare Vipers Grass–Scorzonera hispanica Virga aurea–see Golden Rod Virginian Snakeroot–Aristolchia serpentina. Virginian Snakeweed–Aristolchia serpentina Vitis– ‘Vine’ (Grape-vine) Vitriol–1. certain metallic sulphates with a glass-like appearance, they are crystallised sulfates of divalent metals, typically Green (Ferrous), Blue (Copper, with large amounts of ferrous sulphate admixed), and White (Zinc); 2. Sulphuric acid Vitriol of Iron–Iron Sulphate Volatile Salt–the volatile Salts which rise during sublimation of mineral or animal medicines. Vulvaria–(Wild Arrach) Atriplex olida W Wake Robin–Arum vulgare, A. triphyllum Wallflower–(White) Cheiranthus cheiri; (Red) Mathiola incana. Wall Pennywort–Cotyledon umbilicus Wall-pepper–Sedum acre Wall Rue–Asplenium rutamuraria Walnut–Jugulans regia nut, green husk, leaf, bark, Water–a water of a specific Herb means the distilled water of that Herb. This was sometimes distilled of the fresh herb; otherwise it was distilled from the dry herb which had been steeped in water or wine; sometimes the herb was fermented before being distilled (which is generally best). Water Agrimony–Bidens tripartita Water Betony–1. Betonica aquatica; 2. Scrophularia nodosa. Water Caltrops–Trapa spp. (maybe also Tribulus terrestris) Watercress–Nasturtium officinale herb Water Fern–(Osmund Royal) Osmunda regalis Water Figwort–Scrophularia aquatica root Water Germander–Teucrium Scordium Water Gladiole–Butomus umbellatus Water Hemp–(Water Agrimony) Bidens tripartita Water Lentils–Lens palustris Water Lily–Nymphea spp.; N. alba (White), N. lutea (Yellow); root, leaf, flower, seed Water Parsnip–Sempervium aquatica Water Pepper–Polygonum hydropier Water Pimpernel–Veronica spp. Water Plantain–Alisma plantago Water Houseleek–Sedum spp. Water Seagreen–Sedum spp. Whey–milk serum White Amber–a white variety of Amber; said to the most ‘matured’, with the best scent, and was therefore accounted best. White Dittany–Dictamnus albus White Hellebore–Hellborus alba White Lily–Lilium candidum White Maidenhair–see Wall Rue White Mullein–Verbascum thapsus White Poplar–Poplar alba White Saxifrage–Saxifraga alba White Vitriol–Zinc Sulphate Whitlow Grass–Draba verna Wholesome Wolfsbane–see Anthora Whortleberries (Red or Black)–Vaccinium myrtillus Wild Arrach–Atriplex olida Wild Briar–R. canina; Rosa rubigosa Wild Carrot–Daucus carota, both wild and domestic; mainly the seed Wild Cucumber–Elaterium is the dried juice of the Wild Cucumber Wild Gourd–see Coloquintida Wild Marjoram–Origanum vulgare Wild Mint–Mentha sylvestris Wild Mustard–1. Erysimon officinale; 2. sometimes Horseradish Wild Parsley–Smyrnium olusatrum Wild Parsnip–Pastinaca sativa Wild Pink–Motthiala incona Wild Radish–see Horseradish Wild Rocket–Eruca sylvestris Wild Saffron–see Safflower Wild Thyme–Thymus serpillyum Wild Vine (white)–Bryonia dioica Willow–Salix alba leaf, bark Windweed–Convovulus spp. Winter Cherry–Physalis alkekengi Winter Cress–Eruca brumalis Winter Marjoram–Origanum vulgare Winter Rocket–Eruca brumalis Wolfsbane–see Doronicum Wood Betony–Betonica officinalis Woodbine–Lonicera caprifolium Wood of Aloes–see Aloeswood Wood Sage–Salvia agrestis Wood Sorrel–Oxalis acetosella Wood Vine (Bryony)–Bryonia dioica Woody Nightshade (Bittersweet)– Solanum dulcamara Woolly Faverel–Draba incana Wormseed (European)–Artemisia maritima, var. Stechmanniana Wormwood–Artemisia absinthum herb Woundwort–Prunella vulgaris Woundwort, Clown’s–Stachys palustris Woundwort, Hedge–Stachys sylvatica Woundwort, Marsh–Stachys palustris X Xanthium–see Lesser Burdock Xylobalsam–see Balsam Y Yarrow–Achillea millefolium herb Yellow Flag–Iris pseudoacorus Yellow Goat’s Beard–Tragopogon porrifolius Yellow Rattle Grass–Rhinanthus crista-galli Yellow Willow Herb–Lysimachia vulgaris Z Zedoary–Curcuma zedoaria, an important medicine in India, China and Tibet, and formerly in European medicine; used to move the Blood, clear Stasis, promote Menstruation and promote Digestion. Zerumbeth–Arabian or Round Zedoary; used similarly to Zedoary. Zinc White–Zinc Oxide, ZnO